La filosofía no está para que tranquilice nuestras conciencias, para que nuestra razón se sienta en "casa", sino que es una caja de herramientas. Algunas de las pre-guntas que nos plantea el pensamiento de G. Deleuze son: ¿qué podríamos hacer o experimentar con ella?, ¿cómo podremos devenir en ella?.

Some arguments are presented in this paper where it can be stated that the truth that philosophy seeks is not the truth that matches with the verification interests of knowledge instrumentalization or pragmatism (Rorty) present in contemporary philosophy (Rorty). Aside from the unavoidable reality of human necessities and from the instruments that allow science and technology, as well as its own meaning (thanks to knowledge), which are necessary for human life, it is still a priority to explain a personal, “existential (...) truth” that requires a belief system conversion. This belief system conversion would be the philosophy’s starting point and not a “question about the oblivion of the being” (Heidegger), nor an ethic (Lévinas). (shrink)

A finales de 2019 el fotógrafo y escritor Paco Gómez encontró una caja de placas fotográficas en el Rastro de Madrid. Esta investigación trata de analizar el proceso de creación de un relato visual a través de las imágenes descubiertas por dicho autor, y cómo esa historia da lugar a la novela Wattebled o el rastro de las cosas, confeccionando un ejercicio de fotografía expandida hacia la literatura. En dicho proceso creativo se parte de la idea de generar una narración (...) entre esas imágenes y su historia a través de un recorrido al pasado como ejercicio de memoria histórica que permite reconstruir una biografía fami-liar, articulada desde una estrategia de conexiones temporales o heterocronías que ofrecen un sentido y una respuesta a las imágenes halladas. Partiendo de estos planteamientos, este artículo expone el papel que cumplen las imágenes nómadas o desahuciadas y su revitalización como instrumento de reconstrucción de la nostalgia y reencuentro con el pasado, es decir, las cualidades que permiten ofrecer unas fotografías anónimas como objetos portadores de resignificación histórica. (shrink)

Dentro de la dilatada herencia intelectual que nos ha legado Ratzinger / Benedicto XVI es destacable su aportación a la Teología Fundamental. Su amor y su vasto conocimiento tanto de filosofía como de teología permiten al lector descubrir valiosas herramientas para afrontar problemas actuales. En este caso, proporciona recursos utilísimos para, en primer lugar, analizar la crisis que vive la relación fe-filosofía —la centralidad del guion que la une desde su origen— y, en segundo lugar, muestra posibles caminos para recuperar (...) dicha relación tan esencial para la reflexión teológica y, también, para la vida de la Iglesia. (shrink)

El pensamiento de Unamuno es complejo y problemático. Realizar una lectura de los escritos de este autor, sin tomar previamente en consideración ciertos aspectos, puede resultar estéril y contradictoria. Examinando, a través de textos del propio autor, cómo concibe la “razón”, el “lenguaje”, la “filosofía” y la “realidad”, junto a la descripción de ciertos rasgos de su “personalidad”, queremos mostrar el talante verdaderamente filosófico de Unamuno, tantas veces puesto en cuestión. El presente artículo tiene como objeto exponer algunos puntos clave (...) que pueden servir como indicadores para descubrir la riqueza y profundidad que encierra la obra del filósofo vasco. Palabras clave: Unamuno; Razón; Lenguaje; Filosofía; Realidad. ABSTRACT The philosophical thinking of Unamuno is complex and problematic. Trying to interpret his writings previously taking into consideration certain aspects of his work could result fruitless and contradictory (paradoxical). The analysis of his conception of subjects like reason, language, philosophy and reality in his texts, together with the description of certain traits of his personality lead us to the real philosophical nature of his work, which has been repeatedly questioned by some authors. This paper is going to explain the main aspects of his work, which are the indicators to discover the true nature of the enriching and profound characteristics of the work of this Basque philosopher. Key words: Unamuno; Reason; Language; Filosofia; Reality. (shrink)

Si bien son pocos quienes dudarían de que, si la fe "mueve montañas", el dinero "traslada cordilleras", no resulta fácil determinar con precisión el alcance del poder económico en nuestro mundo. En parte, porque no es uno, sino múltiple; en parte, porque su presencia resulta unas veces explícita, otras implícita y, en ocasiones, oculta.

Con el presente trabajo se pretende crear una estrategia que posibilite un aprendizaje sólido deltema de potencial eléctrico, a través de una analogía entre los potenciales eléctrico y gravitacional.La actividad que se propone concibe el uso de materiales de bajo costo con el objetivo de aproximarel conocimiento físico al común de los estudiantes. Esto porque se ha percibido en la población focode este estudio, un cierto desinterés por la física, lo que de alguna forma resulta contradictorio, unavez que la presencia (...) de esta ciencia, en nuestro día a día, se manifiesta en las diversas actividadesque desenvolvemos en el contexto en que estamos insertados, así como en el uso extendido delas nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) a que la especie humana ha venidoteniendo acceso en los últimos años. Por su parte, para la creación de la citada estrategia se haconsiderado el uso de una metodología que concibe una revisión de la bibliografía disponible sobreel tema y tiene una tendencia cualitativa-cuantitativa, siendo esta referida al análisis de los datos queserán colectados durante la experiencia. Los resultados muestran que hubo un mejor desempeñode los estudiantes durante la segunda etapa del proceso investigativo. Esto nos permite concluirque la enseñanza de la física a través de analogías elaboradas por los profesores de esta asignaturaposibilita un mejor aprendizaje de esta ciencia en la medida en que se vinculan conocimientoscientíficos y cotidianos. (shrink)

El presente trabajo plantea la necesidad de volver a la clásica distinción de conocimiento teórico y conocimiento práctico y repensar el lugar de la voluntad y la libertad humanas en el proceso cognoscitivo en general. Desde la consideración de la noción de conciencia, del valor dado a la dimensión cognoscitiva en el ámbito moral, la índole del conocer como relación con lo real y la idea de verdad, llegamos a la conclusión de que el planteamiento racionalista que excluye a la (...) fe como ajena al conocimiento lo hace por el mismo motivo por el que excluye a la voluntad: para evitar la necesidad de tener que decidir. (shrink)

La noción de interpretación desarrollada en el racionalismo crítico de Karl R. Popper muestra atributos específicos que la distinguen de modo sustancial de la interpretación constitutiva de la experiencia que tanto N. R. Hanson como Th. Kuhn defienden en sus respectivas propuestas. Se muestra que la interpretación del modelo popperiano queda atrapada en una epistemología de corte empirista que la separa de modo radical de toda hermenéutica filosófica. The notion of interpretation developed in the critical rationalism of Karl R. Popper (...) displays specific attributes that substantially distinguish it from the constituent interpretation of experience defended in both N. R. Hanson and T. Kuhn proposals. The article shows that the interpretation of Popper's model is trapped in an empiricist epistemology that radically separates it from all hermeneutic philosophy. (shrink)

El ser humano inventó las técnicas que hicieron evolucionar al hombre como género. La historia de todas las formas culturales y civilizatorias de nuestra especie, Homo sapiens, puede explicarse al ritmo de las revoluciones tecno-energéticas, que han marcado las épocas de auge, abocadas ineluctablemente a una ulterior crisis y decadencia, salvo que una renovación o innovación tecnológica permita la superación. La utopía moderna del progreso mediante el dominio industrial y despótico sobre la naturaleza ya se ha realizado lo suficiente, como (...) para hacer ver que el sistema tecnológico hiperindustrial dominante, con la política económica que conlleva, es causa de la actual crisis mundial de la civilización humana. Tal sistema está en entredicho, por su carácter no adaptativo para la especie: su mundialización resulta materialmente inviable, dadas las consecuencias catastróficas que produce para la biosfera y vistas las desigualdades explosivas que fabrica entre las poblaciones humanas y dentro de cada una de ellas. La pregunta es si cabe la posibilidad de humanizar y ecologizar la tecnología, lo que exige una «política del hombre», único camino para prevenir la autodestrucción de la humanidad. (shrink)

Lorenzo Sacconi’s recent re-statement of his social contract account of business ethics is a major contribution to our understanding of the normative nature of CSR as the expression of a fair multi-party agreement supported by the economic rationality of each participant. However, at one crucial point in his theory, Sacconi introduces the concept of stakeholders’ conformist preferences – their disposition to punish the firm if it defects from the agreement, refusing to abide by its own explicit CSR policies and norms. (...) We take issue with him over this concept: we show that the assumption of conformist preferences is a moral premise, and it arguably weakens the normativity of the theory as a whole. As an alternative, we propose an evolutionary game theoretic approach. We draw upon recent applications of evolutionary game theory to moral philosophy (Skyrms, Danielson), and we use a computer simulation of the trust game. According to this approach, the failure of the logic of reputation, which is the problem conformist preferences were introduced to solve, is overcome through the dynamics of interaction. (shrink)

The Post-genomic Era includes features both from a methodological and epistemic point of view and from an ontological perspective. Firstly, it incorporates new methods of high-throughput sequencing of DNA and RNA, and the development of complete genomes that allow a precise reference of the molecular results obtained. In addition, from an ontological perspective, the centre of gravity of the molecular processes is placed on the expression of genes, and the way in which such expression is regulated; these features turn the (...) attention towards the study of Gene Regulatory Networks, and in particular to the role of RNA. This new molecular-biological perspective based on new methodologies and approaches is affecting the existing Molecular Genetics Theory including the definition of gen and Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. An important philosophical challenges posed by this new situation is the question whether there is a sophistication of the present theory or a New Theory of Molecular Genetics and whether there is an incommensurability between this theory and the accepted theory. In this work we evaluate these changes in the light of Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolution in order to propose an alternative between a moderate and a strong view. According to the moderate one, the Post-genomic changes do not properly involve a paradigm shift or, if they do, they constitute a minor revolution. The strong view considers that, the anomalies disclosed in the Molecular Genetics Theory at conceptual and methodological level and the Post-genomic changes they lead to suppose a scientific paradigm shift. (shrink)

Lorenzo Sacconi's recent re-statement of his social contract account of business ethics is a major contribution to our understanding of the normative nature of CSR as the expression of a fair multi-party agreement supported by the economic rationality of each participant. However, at one crucial point in his theory, Sacconi introduces the concept of stakeholders' conformist preferences - their disposition to punish the firm if it defects from the agreement, refusing to abide by its own explicit CSR policies and norms. (...) We take issue with him over this concept: we show that the assumption of conformist preferences is a moral premise, and it arguably weakens the normativity of the theory as a whole. As an alternative, we propose an evolutionary game theoretic approach. We draw upon recent applications of evolutionary game theory to moral philosophy , and we use a computer simulation of the trust game. According to this approach, the failure of the logic of reputation, which is the problem conformist preferences were introduced to solve, is overcome through the dynamics of interaction. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en identificar tres niveles de análisis que nos den acceso al encuentro de la ética y la política en la filosofía de Levinas. Estos niveles corresponden a tres imágenes oculares presentes en la obra de Levinas que caracterizan el ejercicio de objetualización en el que perdemos el contacto con la alteridad del otro, la dimensión ética y la dimensión política. Nos referimos aquí al mirar el color de los ojos del otro, presenciar el sufrimiento (...) en sus ojos y ver al tercero en los ojos del otro. (shrink)

Este ensayo expone las ideas fundamentales de la ética pragmática de Rorty, partiendode su crítica de la verdad como representación y la propuesta de la solidaridad en unsentido moral. El autor intenta sentar las bases de una crítica a la ética pragmática yestablece la necesidad de volver a plantear el tema de la persona -desde un cristianismomás “actualizado”- y se formula el problema de la esencia de lo pragmático al interiorde una metafísica que, fundándose un referente simbólico o analógico, supere (...) eldogmatismo y logre inspirar sentimientos como la solidaridad. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta a diferenciação do conceito de poder no pensamento de Jürgen Habermas em duas obras. Na primeira, a Teoria da ação comunicativa, o autor introduz uma concepção de poder reduzida à ação racional com respeito a fins, enquanto, na segunda, Facticidade e Validade, Habermas introduz um conceito de poder comunicativo, em oposição ao poder administrativo.A apresentação dessa diferenciação indica uma abertura da própria ideia de ação comunicativa para a política e para os princípios do Estado de direito. Na (...) medida em que o procedimentalismo e o uso público da razão implicam constantes disputas que envolvem comunicação e poder, Habermas apresenta o poder comunicativo com potências radicalmente democráticas. O conceito fornece bases para a esfera pública influenciar politicamente o sistema político por meio de um modelo extraordinário de circulação do poder político nos processos deliberativos. (shrink)

Aim: The present work proposes the study of the neuromotor activity of the masseter-jaw-tongue articulation during diadochokinetic exercising to establish functional statistical relationships between surface Electromyography, 3D Accelerometry, and acoustic features extracted from the speech signal, with the aim of characterizing Hypokinetic Dysarthria. A database of multi-trait signals of recordings from an age-matched control and PD participants are used in the experimental study. Hypothesis: The main assumption is that information between sEMG and 3D acceleration, and acoustic features may be quantified (...) using linear regression methods. Methods: Recordings from a cohort of eight age-matched control participants and eight PD participants were collected during the utterance of a diadochokinetic exercise. The dynamic and acoustic absolute kinematic velocities produced during the exercises were estimated by acoustic filter inversion and numerical integration and differentiation of the speech signal. The amplitude distributions of the absolute kinematic and acoustic velocities are estimated to allow comparisons in terms of Mutual Information. Results: The regression results show the relationships between sEMG and dynamic and acoustic estimates. The projection methodology may help in understanding the basic neuromotor muscle activity regarding neurodegenerative speech in remote monitoring neuromotor and neurocognitive diseases using speech as the vehicular tool, and in the study of other speech-related disorders. The study also showed strong and significant cross-correlations between articulation kinematics, both for the control and the PD cohorts. The absolute kinematic variables presents an observable difference for the PD participants compared to the control group. Conclusion: Kinematic distributions derived from acoustic analysis may be useful biomarkers toward characterizing HD in neuromotor disorders providing new insights into PD. (shrink)

COVID-19 has turned many ethical principles and presuppositions upside down. More precisely, the principle of respect for autonomy has been shown to be ill suited to face the ethical challenges posed by the current health crisis. Individual wishes and choices have been subordinated to public interests. Patients have received trial therapies under extraordinary procedures of informed consent. The principle of respect for autonomy, at least in its mainstream interpretation, has been particularly questioned during this pandemic. Further reflection on the nature (...) and value of autonomy is urgently needed. Relational autonomy has been proposed as an alternative account of autonomy that can more adequately respond to contemporary ethical issues in general and to a pandemic such as the one we are currently facing in particular. As relational autonomy is an emerging notion in current bioethics, it requires further consideration and development to be properly operationalized. This paper aims to show how six different philosophical branches––namely, philosophy of nature, philosophical anthropology, existential phenomenology, discourse ethics, hermeneutics, and cultural anthropology––have incorporated the category of relation throughout the twentieth century. We first delve into primary philosophical sources and then apply their insights to the specific field of medical ethics. Learning from the historical developments of other philosophical fields may provide illumination that will enable bioethics to experience a successful “relational turn”, which has been partially initiated in contemporary bioethics but not yet achieved. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical care in many ways; previously, a patient would enter a hospital and had an approximate idea of what would happen upon his admission, the physician informed them about it, but in the last two years this scenario has changed. Therefore, our aim was to identify if bioethical principles are present in the physician–patient relationship and the effect of these in the health care provided, through an observational and descriptive study where patients answered the validated (...) ReMePaB questionnaire that measures the presence of bioethical principles in the physician–patient relationship, on the seventh day of their hospital stay and 24 h after discharge, during the period from 1 August to 5 November 2020. In autonomy, an improvement in the score was observed in the second application compared to the first measurement; in the principle of non-vulnerability, the same scenario was observed for the first and second measurements, respectively. In the principles of beneficence, dignity, and justice, no statistically significant differences were observed. Considering the presence or absence of bioethical aspects in health care in this pandemic creates an area of opportunity to know the feelings of the patient during the care received and to maintain what is done well and improve those aspects that can be improved. (shrink)

Lorenzo Sacconi's The Social Contract of the Firm (Berlin, Springer, 2000) is a major contribution to the normative theory of the firm. It contains a full-fledged contractarian explanation of the role of Corporate Codes of Ethics. Sacconi proposes a game-theoretical model of the normative structure of the firm, including explicit and implicit contracts binding the members of the organisation, and the so-called constitutional contract: the hypothetical agreement that sets the basic co-operative structure in which the organisation consists. While Sacconi's theory (...) is sound and full of suggestions, it is doubtful whether it completely grasps the nature of organisational ethics. In presenting organisations as the product of an agreement among self-interested individuals, the model does not account for the social and systemic embeddedness of business institutions. This paper points to several shortcomings of Sacconi's view, and explores alternative understandings of a contractarian morality as applied to business ethics. (shrink)

The appearance of the following pages might suggest an "intellectual biography". My purpose is not, though, to offer such a simple thing . Indeed, I would like to follow the evolution of Gauthier's thought not only to show how a thinker evolved from a particular view about a particular problem toward a quite original and suggestive formulation, but also to deepen our comprehension of moral contractarianism and its implications, by means of its contextualization. For this reason, I will focus not (...) on Gauthier's philosophical production as a whole , but on the papers and works that mark the line toward moral contractarianism as it is found in Morals by Agreement . The trajectory we are about to go over is not, therefore, only a personal adventure , but the adventure of ideas. This will not be an easy journey. Our focus on the historical development of concepts will prevent us from giving a fully systematic account of every one of them. The unfamiliar reader may be disappointed as we use somewhat strange terms without completely explaining their meaning. We beg acquiescence with our method, hoping that, on the whole, the essential ideas will be understandable without a detailed discussion. (shrink)

Lorenzo Sacconi and his coauthors have put forward the hypothesis that impartial agreements on distributive rules may generate a conditional preference for conformity. The observable effect of this preference would be compliance with fair distributive rules chosen behind a veil of ignorance, even in the absence of external coercion. This paper uses a Dictator Game with production and taking option to compare two ways in which the device of the veil of ignorance may be thought to generate a motivation for, (...) and compliance with a fair distributive rule: individually-as a thought experiment that should work as a moral cue- and collectively-as an actual process of agreement among subjects. The main result is that actual agreement proves to be necessary for agents to be led towards a fair distributive principle and to generate a significant amount of compliance in absence of external authority. This conclusion vindicates the role of actual agreements in generating motivational power in correspondence with fair distributive rules. (shrink)

La presente traducción fue realizada del original “Emmanuel Levinas” publicado en Französische Philosophen im Gespräch por Boer Verlag. Grafrath en 2015, páginas 89 – 100. Agradezco a la editorial Boer por la autorización para publicar esta traducción. Asimismo agradezco a Sara Bertschik por su constante apoyo y amistad.

El artículo ofrece una visión panorámica de las iniciativas de pastoral de juventud llevadas a cabo por la Iglesia española desde el concilio Vaticano II a la actualidad, identificando las claves eclesiológicas y pedagógicas subyacentes a los proyectos más relevantes. En particular, identifica dos modelos fundamentales: el de las déca-das inmediatamente posteriores al concilio y el alumbrado bajo el pontificado de Juan Pablo II enmarcado en la “nueva evange-lización”. Tras la descripción de ambos modelos, se lleva a cabo una evaluación (...) pastoral de los mismos para concluir que ambos presentan debilidades y fortale-zas complementarias y, que en el futuro, habrá que afrontar con valentía una oferta pastoral plural, creativa e integrad. (shrink)

We advance the thesis that the method of experimental economics can make significant contributions to normative, as opposed to descriptive, business ethics. We contend that there are two basic ways in which experimental economics may make this contribution, and we exemplify these ways by pointing to experimental support of social contract theory as rational foundation for business ethics. These two ways are: (1) adding psychological realism; and (2) testing some quasi-empirical assumptions present in normative theory. In order to make good (...) our methodological claim, we first describe the methodological rules of experimental economics, distinguishing this method from other behavioral business ethics approaches. We also contemplate the possible objection that empirical methods cannot bear on normative ethics because there is no way of bridging the gap between descriptive theory (how people behave) and normative theory (how people ought to behave). (shrink)

The main objective of this article is to analyze the cognitive level of the activities in History textbooks in Spain, England, and Portugal in the transition stage from Primary to Secondary Education (11–13 years), according to the country of origin, typology, and the concepts and disciplinary contents included. The design of this research is quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional. The non-probabilistic sample consists of 6,561 activities contained in 27 school textbooks from Spain, England, and Portugal. Descriptive and contrast analyses have been (...) carried out using parametric tests. The results indicate that textbooks from Spain and Portugal mainly include activities situated between a basic and intermediate cognitive level while in England, the cognitive level of activities is medium or high. The ANOVA and TukeyBtests show significant differences between the cognitive level required in the activities and the typology of exercises, the concepts, and historical contents worked on. The activities with higher cognitive level correspond to those of creation and essays, the exercises that work on empathy and historical relevance, and that contain activities of social and economic history. In contrast, the activities with the lowest cognitive level are short questions and objective tests, those that work on first-order concepts (data and concrete facts), and those on the History of Art. The conclusion is that there is a need for a balanced presence of first-order content and historical thinking skills, the application in the classroom of a more active student-centered methodology, and the teachers’ conception of history teaching that prioritizes historical skills. (shrink)

El presente artículo, aborda el estado del arte en torno al conocimiento producido en la relación de las categorías de significaciones imaginarias y ciudadanía política, durante el periodo 2007-2018 en Iberoamérica. Este estado del arte, se realiza con el objetivo de identificar las tendencias teóricas, metodológicas y los resultados más relevantes, que han orientado las investigaciones respecto a dichas categorías, en su relación analítica, con el fin de fundamentar posteriores análisis que permitan identificar y problematizar los avances y vacíos en (...) el campo, que ayuden a ampliar la mirada sobre estos asuntos, en el marco de la investigación doctoral “Significaciones imaginarias en torno a la ciudadanía y la religiosidad, en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios de Pereira”, la cual se encuentra en proceso de construcción y ejecución. (shrink)

La presente traducción fue realizada del original “Die Menschheit ist biblisch”, publicado en _Jüdisches Denken in Frankreich. Gespräche mit Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Jacques Derrida, Rita Thalmann, Emmanuel Lévinas, Léon Poliakov, Jean-François Lyotard, Luc Rosenzweig_ por Jüdischer Verlag. Frankfurt am Main en 1994, páginas 117-131. Agradezco a la profesora Elisabeth Weber, editora y traductora de la obra, por la autorización para publicar esta traducción. Asimismo agradezco a Sara Bertschik por sus agudos comentarios. Esta traducción fue realizada en el marco del proyecto Fondecyt (...) n. 1160479 ID 150811071. (shrink)

Open peer commentary on the article “Constructivist Model Building: Empirical Examples From Mathematics Education” by Catherine Ulrich, Erik S. Tillema, Amy J. Hackenberg & Anderson Norton. Upshot: I argue that radical constructivism poses a series of deep methodological constraints on educational research. We focus on the work of Ulrich et al. to illustrate the practical implications of these constraints.

In this paper we present a semantic analysis of the application of didactic constructivism to chemical education. We show that the psychological basis of constructivism yield, when applied to chemistry, an internalist semantics for the chemical names. Since these names have been presented as typical examples of an externalism for kind terms, a fundamental incompatibility ensues. We study this situation, to conclude that it affects chemical education at every level. Finally, we present a preliminary analysis of this problem from the (...) point of view of physics. (shrink)

La presente traducción fue realizada del original “Gespräch mit Emmanuel Levinas am 20. Juli 1992 in Paris”, publicado en Emmanuel Levinas- eine Herausforderung für die christliche Theologie por Schöningh en 1999, páginas 231-237. Agradezco al profesor Josef Wohlmuth, editor de la obra, por la autorización para publicar esta traducción. Asimismo agradezco a Sara Bertschik por sus agudos comentarios. Esta traducción fue realizada en el marco del proyecto Fondecyt n. 1160479 id 150811071.

El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en analizar el estatus de la retórica a partir de la filosofía de Emmanuel Levinas. Esto a propósito de las reflexiones sobre la ética y el lenguaje, en donde se instala la inquietud del rol que cumpliría la retórica –como un lenguaje dirigido a la persuasión– dentro de la dimensión de la ética levinasiana. En un primer acercamiento observamos que la retórica corresponde al lenguaje político de la violencia y la dominación, no obstante, buscaremos (...) mostrar que, finalmente, una interpretación amplia del talante de la retórica latina –a partir del ejercicio del “mover”– coincide con el mandato ético del “no matarás”. (shrink)